8 March 1922 - Jugendbund der NSDAP (NAZI) founded. 100 years ago today.

The youth branch of the fledgling NAZI party. It was divided into three sections - boys 14-16, boys 16-18 and a girls section. It dissolved when the NAZI Party was banned at the end of 1923, but revived in 1926 as the more familiar Hitler Youth. 

8 March 1922 - Jugendbund der NSDAP (NAZI) founded. 100 years ago today.

The youth branch of the fledgling NAZI party. It was divided into three sections - boys 14-16, boys 16-18 and a girls section. It dissolved when the NAZI Party was banned at the end of 1923, but revived in 1926 as the more familiar Hitler Youth. 

Yes, our Pope emeritus was a member of the Hitler Youth which he explained as like the boy scouts. I wonder if he practiced his knots on a regular basis. 

8 March 1922 - Jugendbund der NSDAP (NAZI) founded. 100 years ago today.

The youth branch of the fledgling NAZI party. It was divided into three sections - boys 14-16, boys 16-18 and a girls section. It dissolved when the NAZI Party was banned at the end of 1923, but revived in 1926 as the more familiar Hitler Youth. 

Yes, our Pope emeritus was a member of the Hitler Youth which he explained as like the boy scouts. I wonder if he practiced his knots on a regular basis. 

He abdicated nine years ago through ill health, yet he's still going aged 94.

Remarkable images.

8 March 1922 - Jugendbund der NSDAP (NAZI) founded. 100 years ago today.

The youth branch of the fledgling NAZI party. It was divided into three sections - boys 14-16, boys 16-18 and a girls section. It dissolved when the NAZI Party was banned at the end of 1923, but revived in 1926 as the more familiar Hitler Youth. 

Yes, our Pope emeritus was a member of the Hitler Youth which he explained as like the boy scouts. I wonder if he practiced his knots on a regular basis. 

He abdicated nine years ago through ill health, yet he's still going aged 94.

Remarkable eh? There was a local guy who was CEO of a huge cable company in my area who used the company coffers as his personal piggy bank. This resulted in his company going bankrupt, employees placed out of work, pensions & stockholders losing a total of millions of $.  Eventually convicted on federal charges he was sent to prison when he was in his late 70's. His doctors convinced authorities he was terminally ill & for humanitarian reasons he should be released, which he was. He lasted another 12 years. Imagine that?

10 March 1322 - The Battle of Burton Bridge. 700 years ago today.

Not actually as battle as such, there was virtually no fighting, but it was a precursor to a real battle a week later. 

In 1321, despairing of King Edward II's ineptitude in the war with Scotland and his reliance on a small band of favourites, his cousin Thomas, Earl of Lancaster openly rebelled. He raised an army in the north of England and summoned a counter-parliament at Doncaster, a direct challenge to the King. 

Edward marched against him early in 1322 while Lancaster headed south to meet him. Reaching Burton-on-Trent first Lancaster fortified the town and prepared for the King's arrival, as arrive he must in order to make use of one of the few bridges strong enough to get his army across the river Trent.

However King Edward was aware of his cousin's position and on 10 March his army forded the river at two crossings north and south of Burton while a small body of troops made a sham attack on the bridge to keep Lancaster's army occupied. Fearing encirclement Lancaster set fire to the town and fled north to fight another day, and that day was not long in coming. 

A Victorian photograph of the Mediaeval bridge which was demolished in 1864. 

Similar period but a different war (Stirling Bridge 1297) and hundreds of miles apart. 

Everyone knows about the English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314, but the Scots won a further, far less well known, victory at the battle of Myton in 1319 after which they penetrated deep into England as far south as west Yorkshire. It was this and King Edward's failure to prevent it that led to Lancaster's revolt. 

I wonder if the Germans had anything to do with it? I suspect not however as their aim must have been to keep the USA out of the war, not to antagonize it by supporting incursions from Mexico. 

After 1917 Germany certainly approached Mexico to join the war, but that was to the government not the renegade Villa. 

I wonder if the Germans had anything to do with it? I suspect not however as their aim must have been to keep the USA out of the war, not to antagonize it by supporting incursions from Mexico. 

After 1917 Germany certainly approached Mexico to join the war, but that was to the government not the renegade Villa. 

You refer to the Zimmerman letter. 

Yes. Apart from Bulgaria in 1915 no other country joined the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Mexico and Afghanistan were top of Germany's list to bring into the alliance, both efforts failed of course. 

The Turks did persuade a number of north African tribes to fight the European colonial powers but they were more of a nuisance rather then a serious threat in that they tied up troops who would otherwise have been deployed elsewhere.

12 March 1922 - Foundation of the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia. 100 years ago today.

Following the disintegration of the Russian Empire after 1917 three Republics were established in Transcaucasia - Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. However by the end of the Russian Civil War all three had been Sovietized and in March 1922 united into a single nominally independent Republic. In December it changed its name to the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR).

Two weeks later, at the end of December, it was one of the four signatories to the Treaty creating the Soviet Union when the TSFSR was formally dissolved and divided into the three former Soviet Socialist Republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. 

14 March 1822 - Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Empress Consort of Brazil born. 200 years ago today.

The twelfth of 14 children born to Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies. Married by proxy in Naples aged 21 to the 17 year old Emperor of Brazil Pedro II. She sailed for Brazil soon after and met her husband for the first time in September. Pedro married her on the strength of a portrait which proved to be a more flattering version of the real thing. Nevertheless the marriage produced four children before they settled into a relationship as companions rather than lovers.

Her devotion to Brazil was never in doubt and she became a much loved figure. However the Monarchy was overthrown in 1889 (see 14 November #4543) and the Imperial Family sailed for Portugal. Empress Teresa fell ill on the voyage and died just three weeks after her arrival in Europe. 

I was thinking the same thing. At least Pedro and Teresa made a go of it. 

15 March 1922 - The Rand Rebellion suppressed. 100 years ago today.

For the background to the Rand Rebellion see 28 December #4714.

By early March striking miners supported by the Communist Party of South Africa were in control of a number of South African towns and a general strike was called. On 8 March an attempt was made to take over the city of Johannesburg but it was defeated by government troops. The following days saw increased violence across the mining area with clashes between troops, miners and armed militia. In Benoni the police station was surrounded and supplies had to be dropped by air to the beleaguered men inside. 

By 11 March the situation was getting desperate, but the following day the tide turned with the arrival of thousands of soldiers. On 15 March the last stronghold of the rebels in Fordsburg Square, Johannesburg was shelled forcing their surrender. 

Around 200 were killed including the miners' leader Percy Fisher. 

The same thing happened with Henry VIII.  Poor Anne of Cleves looked a lot better on canvas than she did in person.  Both Anne and Teresa Cristina had "great personalities" though.

Ah yes, the good 'ol she's got a nice personality story. 

15 March 1922 - The Rand Rebellion suppressed. 100 years ago today.

For the background to the Rand Rebellion see 28 December #4714.

By early March striking miners supported by the Communist Party of South Africa were in control of a number of South African towns and a general strike was called. On 8 March an attempt was made to take over the city of Johannesburg but it was defeated by government troops. The following days saw increased violence across the mining area with clashes between troops, miners and armed militia. In Benoni the police station was surrounded and supplies had to be dropped by air to the beleaguered men inside. 

By 11 March the situation was getting desperate, but the following day the tide turned with the arrival of thousands of soldiers. On 15 March the last stronghold of the rebels in Fordsburg Square, Johannesburg was shelled forcing their surrender. 

Around 200 were killed including the miners' leader Percy Fisher. 

By government troops means British? Air drops in 1922? Could be a first.  

No, home grown South Africans, South Africa was a self-governing Dominion by then with its own army and air force.

16 March 1322 - The Battle of Boroughbridge. 700 years ago today.

After failing to prevent the King's army from crossing the river Trent at Burton (see 10 March) the Earl of Lancaster fled north. The King's man in the area Andrew Harcla raised an army and positioned himself and his 4000 men at the crossing of the river Ure at Boroughbridge in the knowledge that Lancaster would have to cross the bridge at that point. Outnumbered 2 to 1 the Earl attempted to parley, but Harcla refused. Having no option Lancaster divided his force sending his second-in-command the Earl of Hereford against the bridge while he sought to force his way across a ford to the east.

Both attacks failed; Lord Hereford was killed on the bridge and Lancaster failed to even enter the water due to a hail of arrows. He surrendered the next day and was carried away to York.